The UK Ministry of Defence (MoD) needs to fully embrace artificial intelligence (AI) if it wants to stay ahead in military capabilities. This means supporting the private AI defense sector and ensuring that UK systems work seamlessly with those of its allies, according to the Commons Defence Committee.
In December 2023, the committee launched an inquiry focused on how the MoD can enhance the UK’s defense and security AI landscape, following the 2022 Defence AI Strategy. The ongoing conflict between Russia and Ukraine highlighted the military uses of AI, from analyzing battlefield data to combatting disinformation and piloting drones. Yet, the committee pointed out a gap between what is said about the UK’s AI capabilities and the reality on the ground.
A report released on January 10, 2025, emphasized that the UK is well-positioned to develop top-tier defense AI but is currently underdeveloped in this area. The committee urged the MoD to improve its digital infrastructure, data management, and AI skill set, recommending it identify existing gaps to kickstart improvements.
They proposed actions like integrating AI into military education and easing the transition for AI experts between civilian and defense roles. The MoD should also engage with smaller, non-traditional defense suppliers, as these companies face challenges in collaborating with defense. Adopting a mindset conducive to risk-taking and rapid development would make the MoD a stronger partner.
To maximize effectiveness, military AI systems must be compatible with allies, including NATO and Aukus. The committee called for ongoing dialogue with partner nations about data collection, ethical standards for autonomous technologies, and joint skills development.
The report stressed that adapting to AI is not just about technology but also requires cultural shifts within the MoD. Sub-committee chair Emma Lewell-Buck highlighted the potential for the UK to lead in defense AI, but this requires a proactive approach to develop capabilities that may not match the scale of the US and China, but can deliver unique expertise.
It noted that, although there are areas of excellence in the MoD, AI is often seen as a niche rather than integral to defense operations. The committee recommended mapping the digital infrastructure necessary for AI, encompassing secure cloud systems, data centers, semiconductor access, and cutting-edge AI models.
In December 2023, the Lords AI in Weapon Systems Committee released a report urging caution in the use of AI for military applications. While the government’s 2022 Defence Strategy promised a responsible approach to military AI, the committee argued that these intentions need to be backed by concrete actions.
In response, the government in March 2024 asserted that it is prioritizing responsible AI practices, focusing on maximizing military capabilities amid potential threats. During an April 2024 debate, the Lords presented mixed views on the government’s reluctance to define its stance on AI or engage with international regulations concerning its military use.