Understanding Passwordless Authentication: A Definition by TechTarget

Passwordless authentication lets you log into services without entering a password. Instead, it relies on tools like digital certificates, security tokens, one-time passwords (OTPs), or biometrics. This method is considered safer than traditional passwords. It often pairs with other authentication techniques, like multifactor authentication (MFA) and single sign-on, which together enhance both security and user experience.

Passwords are falling out of favor for good reason. They can be tough to remember, leading many users to pick simple options like “123456” or “password.” With the sheer number of accounts we juggle, it’s common for people to reuse the same password across multiple sites. This practice puts them at risk, as hackers exploit phishing attacks, credential stuffing, and other methods to gain entry.

Managing passwords is costly for organizations, draining resources in time spent on resets, handling data breaches, and dealing with increased IT support calls. Additionally, inconsistent password practices among users create further risks. Many don’t follow good password practices, like regularly changing passwords or using unique passphrases, leaving organizations vulnerable.

Passwordless authentication verifies a user’s identity using unique identifiers rather than a password. It usually employs possession or inherence factors—essentially things you have (like your phone) or are (like your fingerprint), rather than what you know.

Here are some common methods for passwordless authentication:

1. Certificates: These verify identity without traditional passwords. The user’s device contains a private key, paired with a public key stored on the server for secure authentication.

2. One-Time Passwords (OTPs): These temporary codes are sent to a registered device, like a smartphone, via SMS or an authentication app. Users enter this code to gain access.

3. Biometrics: This includes fingerprint or facial recognition, offering a secure way to authenticate since these traits are hard to duplicate.

4. Magic Links: Users receive a URL verifying their email or phone number, allowing access without a password.

5. Badge Tap and Go: With this method, users tap proximity cards or smart badges equipped with NFC technology to gain access.

6. Unique Authenticators: Apps like Google Authenticator send push notifications that help users verify their identity securely, often as part of MFA.

7. Passkeys: This uses public-key cryptography to allow passwordless login, where a unique key pair is generated and stored securely.

8. Proximity Badges: Similar to tap-and-go, these badges authenticate automatically when in range of a reader.

Possession factors refer to physical items users own, such as certificates or hardware tokens. They replace the need for knowledge-based factors like a password. For example, hardware tokens securely store certificates and handle the authentication process.

Inherence factors relate to biometrics, which include fingerprints and facial scans. Though useful, identifying documents can be tricky to verify digitally.

One-time-use authentication works by sending a challenge from the server that can only be accepted with the appropriate authentication factor, such as when an OTP is sent to the user’s phone. The user inputs this code to gain access.

The market for passwordless authentication is booming. Analysts predict it will grow from $18.82 billion in 2024 to $60.34 billion by 2032. Despite its advantages, organizations need to remain aware of potential drawbacks:

Advantages:

• Higher security and resistance to attacks like brute-force and credential stuffing.
• Reduced password reset requests, lessening the burden on IT.
• Simplified user experience leads to smoother logins and higher satisfaction.
• Easier to deploy across larger organizations and meets compliance requirements.

Disadvantages:

• Initial setup can be complex and costly.
• Compromised biometric data cannot be reset, unlike a password.
• Secure channels are required during setup to prevent leaks.
• OTPs can be intercepted if users’ email or phone accounts are hacked.
• User resistance to adopting new methods can create frustration.

Overall, passwordless authentication helps minimize risks associated with human error, making it a compelling choice for enhancing digital security.